VIRGINIA HENDERSON’S PRINCIPLES
AND PRACTICE OF NURSING
BIOGRAPHY- A researcher, theorist and author.
“The Nightingale of Modern Nursing”
“Modern-Day Mother of Nursing”
"The 20th century Florence Nightingale"
- Born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1897
- The fifth of eight children of Lucy A. Henderson
EDUCATION
Early education at home in Virginia
with her aunts,
Charles Abbot, at his school for boys in
community Army School of Nursing,Washington, D.C. Graduated in 1921 at Teachers College, Columbia (Bachelor of Science degree completed in 1931 degree in 1934)
ACHIEVEMENTS AND CAREER IN NURSING
- She received honorary doctorate degrees from the Catholic University of America, Pace University, University of Rochester, University of Western Ontario, Yale University, Rush University, Old Dominion University, Boston College, Thomas Jefferson University, Emory University and many others.
- In 1977 she was created an Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. On the subsequent year, she was created an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom for her unique contribution to the art and science of nursing.
- In 1985, Henderson was honored at the Annual Meeting of the Nursing and Allied Health Section of the Medical Library Association. At the same year, she received the very first Christiane Reimann prize from the International Nursing Council (ICN), the highest and most prestigious award in nursing due to the transnational scope of her work.
- In 1988, she was honored by the Virginia Nurses Association when the Virginia Historical Nurse Leadership Award was presented to her.
She died in 1996 at the Connecticut Hospice
aged 98, and was interred in her family's plot of the
churchyard of St. Stephen's Church,
FOUR METAPARADIGMS DESCRIBED
BY VIRGINIA HENDERSON
1 1.) PERSON
.
• Have basic needs that are component of health.
• Requiring assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death.
• Mind and body are inseparable and interrelated.
• Considers the biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual components.
• The theory presents the patient as a sum of parts with biopsychosocial needs, and the patient is neither client nor consumer.
2. ENVIRONMENT
2. ENVIRONMENT
• Settings in which an individual learns unique pattern for living.
• All external conditions and influences that affect life and development.
• Individuals in relation to families
• Minimally discusses the impact of the community on the individual and family.
• Supports tasks of private and public agencies Society wants and expects nurses to act for individuals who are unable to function independently. In return she expects society to contribute to nursing education.
• Basic nursing care involves providing conditions under which the patient can perform the 14 activities unaided.
.3.) HEALTH
•Nurses need to stress promotion of health and prevention and cure of disease.
•Good health is a challenge. Affected by age, cultural background, physical, and intellectual capacities, and emotional balance.
4.) NURSING
.• Temporarily assisting an individual who lacks the necessary strength, will and knowledge to satisfy 1 or more of 14 basic needs.
• Assists and supports the individual in life activities and the attainment of independence.
• Nurse serves to make patient “complete” “whole", or "independent."
• Henderson's classic definition of nursing:
.• "I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will, and the knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible."
• The nurse is expected to carry out physician’s therapeutic plan Individualized care is the result of the nurse’s creativity in planning for care.
• Use nursing research
• Categorized Nursing : nursing care
• Non nursing: ordering supplies, cleanliness and serving food.
• In the Nature of Nursing “ that the nurse is and should be legally, an independent practitioner and able to make independent judgments as long as s/he is not diagnosing, prescribing treatment for disease, or making a prognosis, for these are the physicians function.”
“Nurse should have knowledge to practice individualized and human care and should be a scientific problem solver.”
• In the Nature of Nursing Nurse role is,” to get inside the patient’s skin and supplement his strength will or knowledge according to his needs.”
• And nurse has responsibility to assess the needs of the individual patient, help individual meet their health need, and or provide an environment in which the individual can perform activity unaided
• Henderson's classic definition of nursing
"I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will, and the knowledge.But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible."
14 BASIC HUMAN NEEDS:
"Comparison with Maslow's
Hierarchy of Need"
Maslow's
|
Henderson
|
Physiological needs
|
Breathe normally
Eat and drink adequately Eliminate by all avenues of elimination Move and maintain desirable posture Sleep and rest Select suitable clothing Maintain body temperature Keep body clean and well groomed and protect the integument |
Avoid environmental dangers and avoid injuring other
| |
.Belongingness and love needs
|
Communicate with others
worship according to one's faith
|
Esteem needs
|
Work at something providing a sense of accomplishment
Play or participate in various forms of recreation
Learn, discover, or satisfy curiosity
|
Limitations
In Henderson’s 14 basic needs, all aspects of the needs of the person were met except for love and belongingness- if basing the needs as stated by Maslow.
• Henderson covered the physiologic aspects (Breathing normally, Eating and drinking adequately, Eliminating body wastes, Moving and maintaining desirable position, Sleeping and resting) of human needs as well as safety and security, as well as sociological needs that are imperative to be met in order for a person to become “a person”. The only point that was overlooked perhaps was the love and belongingness aspect of human needs.
In Henderson’s definition of health, she stated that “individuals will achieve or maintain health if they have the necessary strength, will or knowledge”.
- In this definition, Henderson focused on the mental and physical aspects of a person to attain health and neglected to mention that health is also influenced by other factors such as environment and other external factors such as support, political influence, availability of health care and many more. Although a person ids mainly responsible for the outcome of his/ her own health.
• Henderson further stated that “health is basic to human functioning and promotion of health is more important than care of the sick”. This statement stays true to the idea of Community Health Nursing of the importance of health promotion. But in a disease stricken community, this idea of health is not applicable. Especially that people do not seek consult with health care providers when they are healthy. In the situation stated, for nurses and other health care providers, it would be more important to take care of the sick, rehabilitate then health promotion as well as monitoring could follow.
• Henderson also focused her definition of health on the extent of “independence” that a person has in order to perform tasks that are relevant to his/ her own health. She stated “that margin of mental physical vigor that allows a person to work most effectively to reach his highest potential level of satisfaction in life”. In this statement, one could conclude that Henderson only focused on the mental drive of the person to perform physically. One would ask, what about people with mental disabilities (alzheimer’s, dementia, retardation), can they never have the level of health satisfaction as those people who do not have disabilities? What about people who are physically incapacitated but still have the ability to perform the basic human needs? If one seeks any form of assistance, will that person be considered not healthy because that person cannot do everything independently?
In Henderson’s definition of Nursing, she stated that Nursing is “Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that an individual would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge”.
• In the stated definition of Nursing, Henderson mentioned activities that the nurse should do but failed to specify and define these roles and activities as well as the limits or boundaries that the nurse should keep in mind when providing nursing care. The extent to which the nurse should give was not specified.
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REFERENCES:
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